ABSTRACT
With continuous improvement of people's living standards, great efforts have been paid to environmental protection. Among those environmental issues, soil contamination by petroleum hydrocarbons has received widespread concerns due to the persistence and the degradation difficulty of the pollutants. Among the various remediation technologies, in-situ microbial remediation enhancement technologies have become the current hotspot because of its low cost, environmental friendliness, and in-situ availability. This review summarizes several in-situ microbial remediation technologies such as bioaugmentation, biostimulation, and integrated remediation, as well as their engineering applications, providing references for the selection of in-situ bioremediation technologies in engineering applications. Moreover, this review discusses future research directions in this area.
Subject(s)
Humans , Biodegradation, Environmental , Hydrocarbons , Petroleum , Soil , Soil Microbiology , Soil PollutantsABSTRACT
PURPOSE: We investigated the role of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) on the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) of colorectal cancer cells and determined the potential mechanism involved in the metastatic process. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, flow cytometry was used to detect the expression of target proteins. We used transwell assay to evaluate the migration of cancer cells under specific conditions. Using real-time polymerase chain reaction, we examined the expressions of cytokines and EMT-related markers in mRNA level. Animal assay was performed for analysis in vivo and hematoxylin and eosin was used to visualize the effect of TAMs on tumor metastasis. We also used immunohistochemistry and Western blotting to detect the expression of target proteins. RESULTS: Here, we observed enrichment of TAMs in colorectal tumor tissues, resulting in high metastasis in clinical therapy. Moreover, those TAMs could facilitate the EMT progression of colorectal cancer cells, which is induced by the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) derived from TAMs, leading to the invasion and migration of cancer cells. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrated that TAMs contributed the EMT progression through a TGF-β/Smad2,3-4/Snail signaling pathway, and disrupting this pathway with TGF-β receptor inhibitor could suppress metastasis, readjusting our focus to the connection of TAMs and cancer metastasis.
Subject(s)
Animals , Blotting, Western , Colorectal Neoplasms , Cytokines , Eosine Yellowish-(YS) , Flow Cytometry , Hematoxylin , Immunohistochemistry , Macrophages , Neoplasm Metastasis , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction , RNA, MessengerABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE： To investigate the effects of Kangfuxin liquid on repairing cartilage defect model of knee osteoarthritis （KOA） in rabbits and its mechanism. METHODS： Totally 72 male New Zealand rabbits were selected and randomly divided into model control group and Kangfuxin low-dose， medium-dose， high-dose groups， with 18 rabbits in each group. A cartilage defect model of the medial femoral condyle of the right knee joint in rabbits was established by drilling after anesthesia surgery. Then the rabbits in each group were given medicine via articular cavity immediately. Kangfuxin low-dose， middle-dose and high-dose groups were given 20％， 40％， 80％ Kangfuxin liquid； model control group was given constant volume of normal saline consecutively， 0.2 mL/kg， once every 3 days. At 4th， 8th， 12th week after medication， the wound repair of cartilage defect in rabbits was observed. Immediately after medication and at 4th， 8th， 12th week after medication， repaired tissue of cartilage defect in rabbits was scored histologically with Wakitani scoring standard under light microscope. At 12th week after medication， pathological changes of repaired tissue of cartilage defect in rabbits were observed by Masson staining. The levels of NO， SOD and LPO in joint fluid and PYD in urine of rabbits were detected by ELISA. RESULTS： At 4th， 8th， 12th week after medication， compared with model control group， cartilage defects in rabbits were repaired well in Kangfuxin low-dose， medium-dose and high-dose groups. At 4th， 8th， 12th week after medication， compared with immediately after medication and model control group at same time point， histomorphological score of repairing cartilage defect of knee joint in rabbits decreased significantly in Kangfuxin low-dose， medium-dose and high-dose groups （P＜0.05）. At 12th week after medication， compared with model control group， the histopathology degree of cartilage defect of knee joint in rabbits was significantly alleviated in Kangfuxin low-dose， medium-dose and high-dose groups. At 4th， 8th， 12th week after medication， compared with model control group， the levels of NO and LPO in joint fluid and PYD level in urine were decreased to different extent in Kangfuxin low-dose， medium-dose and high-dose groups， while SOD level was increased to different extent； at 12th week after medication， the difference of each index has statistical significance （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. CONCLUSIONS： Kangangxin liquid can significantly repair cartilage defect of KOA cartilage defect model rabbits， the mechanism of which may be associated with increasing the expression of SOD and mediating NO-inhibited chondrocyte apoptosis.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the associations between lifestyle factors and social network and cognitive impairment among the elderly in three communities in China.Methods From November 2017 to May 2018,1 200 elderly individuals were selected from three Chinese communities (Beijing,Hefei,and Lanzhou) using a random cluster sampling method.Data were collected on lifestyle,social network,and cognition.A conditional logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify the associations between lifestyle and social network and cognitive impairment.Results A total 1 115 participants (92.9％) were administered both social network and cognition questionnaires.After adjustment by age,sex,education,marital status,health,and living status,only low participation in physical activity was found to be associated with cognitive impairment (OR=0.65,95％ CI=0.45-0.93,P=0.019).A larger social network (OR=0.50,95％ CI=0.29-0.85,P=0.010),especially more friends (0R=0.44,95％ CI=0.29-0.65,P＜0.001),may decrease the risk of cognitive impairment.The interactions between lifestyle factors and social network were not associated with cognitive impairment.Conclusion Our findings suggest that larger social networks and physical activity are associated with cognitive function among the elderly.Identification and intervention of risk factors are crucial in the delay and prevention of cognitive impairment and the improvement of quality of life among the elderly.
ABSTRACT
Objective To understand the current overall status of implementation on the National Demonstration Areas of Comprehensive Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases.Methods According to the scheme design of the questionnaires,all the National Demonstration Areas were involved in this study.For each National Demonstration Areas,eight departments were selected to complete a total of 12 questionnaires.Results Scores related to the implementation of the National Demonstration Areas accounted for 71.8％ of the total 170 points.Based on the scores gathered from this study,the 23-items-index-system that represented the status of project implementation was classified into seven categories.Categories with higher percentile scores would include:monitoring (88.0％),safeguard measures (75.0％),health education and health promotion (75.0％).Categories with lower percentile scores would include:the national health lifestyle actions (67.7％),community diagnosis (66.7％),discovery and intervention of high-risk groups (64.7％),and patient management (60.9％).There were significant differences noticed among the eastern,central and western areas on items as safeguard measures,health education/promotion,discovery and intervention of high-risk groups.In all,the implementation programs in the eastern Demonstration Areas seemed better than in the central or western regions.As for the 23 items,five of the highest scores appeared on policy support,mortality surveillance,tumor registration,reporting system on cardiovascular/cerebrovascular events,and on tobacco control,respectively.However,the lowest five scores fell on healthy diet,patient self-management program,oral hygiene,setting up the demonstration units and promotion on basic public health services,respectively.The overall scores in the eastern region was higher than that in the central or the western regions.The scores in the central and western regions showed basically the same.Conclusions The overall status of implementation on the National Demonstration Areas was satisfactory.Future attention should be focusing on patient management as well as discovery and intervention of high-risk groups,which also presented the lowest scores,in this survey.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the consumption of vegetables and fruits and related influencing factors among residents from the National Demonstration Areas of Comprehensive Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases.Methods From November to December,2016,a total of 4 000 residents,aged 18 or above,from ten Demonstration Areas,were selected as participants for this study by multi-stage cluster random sampling method.Information on vegetables,fruits consumption and related influencing factors was collected via questionnaire.Results A total of 3 891 residents were involved in the final analysis.Daily consumption of vegetables and fruits accounted for 72.1％ and 53.6％ of the residents under study.The residents who were aware of the National Demonstration Areas activities were more willing to have adequate intake of vegetables (OR=3.017,95％CI:2.426-3.753) and fruits (OR=1.261,95％CI:1.007-1.580).Residents with higher degree of participation activities of the demonstration areas were more likely to have adequate fruits intake (high degree:OR=1.431,95％CI:1.210-1.694;medium degree:OR=1.573,95％CI:1.315-1.882).Conclusions The implementation of the National Demonstration Areas for Comprehensive Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases has improved the adequate vegetables and fruits intake among residents.Relevant activities carried out in the Demonstration Areas appeared conducive to the healthy lifestyle of the residents.
ABSTRACT
Objective To understand the current situation on management of diabetes mellitus patients aged 35 and above in the National Demonstration Areas for Comprehensive Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases,in China.Methods Local residents,aged 18 years and above were randomly selected by a complex,multistage,probability sampling method.Face-to-face questionnaire survey was carried out between November and December 2016.Rates regarding prevalence,treatment and management of diabetes were calculated,and influencing factors of diabetes were analyzed by using the non-conditional logistic regression model.Results A total of 3 213 residents aged ≥35 years were included in this study,of which 11.48％ (369/3 213) reported that they had ever been informed by a doctor or other health worker that their blood sugar level was high or being diabetic.The rate of self-reported treatment among the diabetic patients was 83.20％ (307/369).Rates on overall management and standardized management were 69.92％ (258/369) and 53.66％ (198/369),respectively.Higher rates were seen in residents aged 55 to 64 years,76.32％ for overall management and 59.65％ for standardized management.Through multiple logistic regression analysis,we found that standardized management for diabetes was much higher in the Demonstration Areas located in the eastern areas (OR=2.942,95％CI:1.547-5.594),or patients with characteristics including high implementation score (OR=3.499,95％ CI:1.865-6.563),already signed family doctors (OR=5.661,95％ CI:3.237-9.899),or without hypertension (OR=1.717,95％ CI:1.010-2.920).Residents who were living in the first and second batch areas of implementation or responding to the NCDs with positive attitude were more likely to accept standardized management.Conclusion Prevention and management programs on diabetes had met the requirements set for the Demonstration Areas which had promoted the specific implementation and further development of standardized management on diabetes.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the current status of prevalence,treatment,and management on hypertension among Chinese adults from the National Demonstration Areas for Comprehensive Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases.Methods We selected a total of 4 000 residents aged ≥ 18 years for this questionnaire-based survey by multi-stage clustering sampling in 10 National Demonstration Areas between November and December,2016.Results There were 3 891 effective questionnaires.The self-reported prevalence of hypertension among aged ≥35 years was 31.47％ (1 011/3 213).For the past two weeks,the self-reported treatment of hypertension was 86.75％(877/1 011),with the rates of guidance as 56.87％ (575/1 011) on physical activity,40.95％ (414/1 011) on diet,38.33％ (385/1 011) on weight management,and 22.75％ (228/1 011) on smoking cessation.For the past 12 months,74.68％ (755/1 011) of the residents aged ≥35 years were under the proper management and 62.12％ (628/1 011) of them were under the standardized management programs.The follow-up program lasted for 4 (P2s-P75:4-12) times per year,with 15 (P25-P75:10-20)minutes per each visit.Hypertensive patients would mainly visit the outpatient clinics (53.51％),followed by home visits (22.91％) and telephone calls (13.64％).Rate of satisfaction on management services was 94.83％ (716/755) from the hypertensive patients.Multivariate analysis showed that the rate of self-reported treatment (OR=1.986,95％ CI:1.222-3.228) and self-reported standardized management (OR=2.204,95％CI:1.519-3.199) on hypertension were higher in the Demonstration Areas with higher implementation scores of self-reported non-communicable diseases management.Conclusions Prevention and management on hypertension in the Demonstration Areas had met the requirement set for the Demonstration Areas during the "12th Five-Year Plan".Projects on setting up the National Non-communicable Diseases Demonstration Areas had played an active role in promoting the standardized management program on hypertension.
ABSTRACT
Objective To assess the implementation and impact of programs carried out by the National Demonstration Areas for Comprehensive Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases.Methods Both sociological and epidemiological methods were used to collect qualitative and quantitative data in November and December,2016 in order to conduct on process and outcome evaluation of the above mentioned objective.In the meantime,case study was also conducted.Results All the National Demonstration Areas for Comprehensive Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases were found well implemented across the country,with health education and health promotion,surveillance and safeguard measures in particular.A government-led and inter-sector coordination and communication mechanism had been well established,with more than 16 non-health departments actively involved.28.7％ of the residents living in the National Demonstration Areas for Comprehensive Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases were aware of the key messages related to chronic diseases.Among the residents,72.1％ of them consumed vegetables and 53.6％ consumed fruits daily,with another 86.9％ walked at least 10 minutes per day.Over 70％ of the patients with hypertension or diabetes reported that they were taken care of by the Community Health Centers,and above 50％ of them were under standardized management.Residents,living in the National Demonstration Areas under higher ranking of implementation scores,were more likely to be aware of relevant knowledge on chronic disease control and prevention (OR=6.591,95％CI:5.188-8.373),salt reduction (OR=1.352,95％CI:1.151-1.589),oil reduction (OR=1.477,95％CI:1.249-1.746) and recommendation on physical activities (OR =1.975,95％ CI:1.623-2.403).Conclusion The implementation of programs carried out by the National Demonstration Areas for Comprehensive Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases had served a local platform for the control and prevention of non-communicable diseases,and thus become an important'carrier'for chronic disease prevention and control programs in China.
ABSTRACT
Objective To understand the current overall status of implementation on the National Demonstration Areas of Comprehensive Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases.Methods According to the scheme design of the questionnaires,all the National Demonstration Areas were involved in this study.For each National Demonstration Areas,eight departments were selected to complete a total of 12 questionnaires.Results Scores related to the implementation of the National Demonstration Areas accounted for 71.8％ of the total 170 points.Based on the scores gathered from this study,the 23-items-index-system that represented the status of project implementation was classified into seven categories.Categories with higher percentile scores would include:monitoring (88.0％),safeguard measures (75.0％),health education and health promotion (75.0％).Categories with lower percentile scores would include:the national health lifestyle actions (67.7％),community diagnosis (66.7％),discovery and intervention of high-risk groups (64.7％),and patient management (60.9％).There were significant differences noticed among the eastern,central and western areas on items as safeguard measures,health education/promotion,discovery and intervention of high-risk groups.In all,the implementation programs in the eastern Demonstration Areas seemed better than in the central or western regions.As for the 23 items,five of the highest scores appeared on policy support,mortality surveillance,tumor registration,reporting system on cardiovascular/cerebrovascular events,and on tobacco control,respectively.However,the lowest five scores fell on healthy diet,patient self-management program,oral hygiene,setting up the demonstration units and promotion on basic public health services,respectively.The overall scores in the eastern region was higher than that in the central or the western regions.The scores in the central and western regions showed basically the same.Conclusions The overall status of implementation on the National Demonstration Areas was satisfactory.Future attention should be focusing on patient management as well as discovery and intervention of high-risk groups,which also presented the lowest scores,in this survey.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the consumption of vegetables and fruits and related influencing factors among residents from the National Demonstration Areas of Comprehensive Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases.Methods From November to December,2016,a total of 4 000 residents,aged 18 or above,from ten Demonstration Areas,were selected as participants for this study by multi-stage cluster random sampling method.Information on vegetables,fruits consumption and related influencing factors was collected via questionnaire.Results A total of 3 891 residents were involved in the final analysis.Daily consumption of vegetables and fruits accounted for 72.1％ and 53.6％ of the residents under study.The residents who were aware of the National Demonstration Areas activities were more willing to have adequate intake of vegetables (OR=3.017,95％CI:2.426-3.753) and fruits (OR=1.261,95％CI:1.007-1.580).Residents with higher degree of participation activities of the demonstration areas were more likely to have adequate fruits intake (high degree:OR=1.431,95％CI:1.210-1.694;medium degree:OR=1.573,95％CI:1.315-1.882).Conclusions The implementation of the National Demonstration Areas for Comprehensive Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases has improved the adequate vegetables and fruits intake among residents.Relevant activities carried out in the Demonstration Areas appeared conducive to the healthy lifestyle of the residents.
ABSTRACT
Objective To understand the current situation on management of diabetes mellitus patients aged 35 and above in the National Demonstration Areas for Comprehensive Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases,in China.Methods Local residents,aged 18 years and above were randomly selected by a complex,multistage,probability sampling method.Face-to-face questionnaire survey was carried out between November and December 2016.Rates regarding prevalence,treatment and management of diabetes were calculated,and influencing factors of diabetes were analyzed by using the non-conditional logistic regression model.Results A total of 3 213 residents aged ≥35 years were included in this study,of which 11.48％ (369/3 213) reported that they had ever been informed by a doctor or other health worker that their blood sugar level was high or being diabetic.The rate of self-reported treatment among the diabetic patients was 83.20％ (307/369).Rates on overall management and standardized management were 69.92％ (258/369) and 53.66％ (198/369),respectively.Higher rates were seen in residents aged 55 to 64 years,76.32％ for overall management and 59.65％ for standardized management.Through multiple logistic regression analysis,we found that standardized management for diabetes was much higher in the Demonstration Areas located in the eastern areas (OR=2.942,95％CI:1.547-5.594),or patients with characteristics including high implementation score (OR=3.499,95％ CI:1.865-6.563),already signed family doctors (OR=5.661,95％ CI:3.237-9.899),or without hypertension (OR=1.717,95％ CI:1.010-2.920).Residents who were living in the first and second batch areas of implementation or responding to the NCDs with positive attitude were more likely to accept standardized management.Conclusion Prevention and management programs on diabetes had met the requirements set for the Demonstration Areas which had promoted the specific implementation and further development of standardized management on diabetes.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the current status of prevalence,treatment,and management on hypertension among Chinese adults from the National Demonstration Areas for Comprehensive Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases.Methods We selected a total of 4 000 residents aged ≥ 18 years for this questionnaire-based survey by multi-stage clustering sampling in 10 National Demonstration Areas between November and December,2016.Results There were 3 891 effective questionnaires.The self-reported prevalence of hypertension among aged ≥35 years was 31.47％ (1 011/3 213).For the past two weeks,the self-reported treatment of hypertension was 86.75％(877/1 011),with the rates of guidance as 56.87％ (575/1 011) on physical activity,40.95％ (414/1 011) on diet,38.33％ (385/1 011) on weight management,and 22.75％ (228/1 011) on smoking cessation.For the past 12 months,74.68％ (755/1 011) of the residents aged ≥35 years were under the proper management and 62.12％ (628/1 011) of them were under the standardized management programs.The follow-up program lasted for 4 (P2s-P75:4-12) times per year,with 15 (P25-P75:10-20)minutes per each visit.Hypertensive patients would mainly visit the outpatient clinics (53.51％),followed by home visits (22.91％) and telephone calls (13.64％).Rate of satisfaction on management services was 94.83％ (716/755) from the hypertensive patients.Multivariate analysis showed that the rate of self-reported treatment (OR=1.986,95％ CI:1.222-3.228) and self-reported standardized management (OR=2.204,95％CI:1.519-3.199) on hypertension were higher in the Demonstration Areas with higher implementation scores of self-reported non-communicable diseases management.Conclusions Prevention and management on hypertension in the Demonstration Areas had met the requirement set for the Demonstration Areas during the "12th Five-Year Plan".Projects on setting up the National Non-communicable Diseases Demonstration Areas had played an active role in promoting the standardized management program on hypertension.
ABSTRACT
Objective To assess the implementation and impact of programs carried out by the National Demonstration Areas for Comprehensive Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases.Methods Both sociological and epidemiological methods were used to collect qualitative and quantitative data in November and December,2016 in order to conduct on process and outcome evaluation of the above mentioned objective.In the meantime,case study was also conducted.Results All the National Demonstration Areas for Comprehensive Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases were found well implemented across the country,with health education and health promotion,surveillance and safeguard measures in particular.A government-led and inter-sector coordination and communication mechanism had been well established,with more than 16 non-health departments actively involved.28.7％ of the residents living in the National Demonstration Areas for Comprehensive Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases were aware of the key messages related to chronic diseases.Among the residents,72.1％ of them consumed vegetables and 53.6％ consumed fruits daily,with another 86.9％ walked at least 10 minutes per day.Over 70％ of the patients with hypertension or diabetes reported that they were taken care of by the Community Health Centers,and above 50％ of them were under standardized management.Residents,living in the National Demonstration Areas under higher ranking of implementation scores,were more likely to be aware of relevant knowledge on chronic disease control and prevention (OR=6.591,95％CI:5.188-8.373),salt reduction (OR=1.352,95％CI:1.151-1.589),oil reduction (OR=1.477,95％CI:1.249-1.746) and recommendation on physical activities (OR =1.975,95％ CI:1.623-2.403).Conclusion The implementation of programs carried out by the National Demonstration Areas for Comprehensive Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases had served a local platform for the control and prevention of non-communicable diseases,and thus become an important'carrier'for chronic disease prevention and control programs in China.
ABSTRACT
Objective:The paper is designed to reveal differences in stroke patients'hospitalization costs crea-ted by different socioeconomic factors , health insurance and occupational background , and analyze those differences on health outcome .Methods:18879 cases of hospitalized patients with stroke in five tertiary hospitals from four prov-inces from 2011 to 2014 were included in the database .Descriptive statistics was used to describe patients'hospitali-zation costs and health outcome .Multiple linear regression model and logistic regression were used to evaluate the im-pact of insurance and occupation .Results:After controlling for patients'social characteristics , health risks , premise during hospitalization process and clinical characteristics of patients with free healthcare costs , the socialized medi-cine was charged 19.7% higher than the private ones ( P <0.001 ), the retired people and civil servants were charged 4.2%(P<0.001) and 2.9%(P=0.049) more than farmers.The socialized medicine was also associated with health outcome.The risk of death in patients with free medical care is (OR=4.901) compared with private pa-tients (95%CI 1.652~14.537), and the retired people had increased risk of death compared with farmers (OR=2 .145 , 95%CI 1 .287 ~3 .573 ) .Conclusions: Due to the impact of social background factors , some groups are found to have a higher level of expenses than their counterparts during hospitalization , but the more hospitalization costs are not spent the better the health outcome of stroke was achieved .
ABSTRACT
Objective: To investigate the stamina,the role of antioxidant system in severe acute pancreatitis(SAP),and the effect of fish oil treatment in rats.Methods:Thirty-six male Sprague-Dawley rats(SD) were randomly divided into three groups,including SAP group(sodium chloride treatment ) (group NSG,n=12),fish oil treatment group (group FOG,n=12),and control group (group CG,n=12).SAP was induced by intergraded injection of 3.5% sodium tanrocholate to biliopancreatic duct of SD rats in group NSG and FOG.The group NSG rats were treated by subcutaneous injection of sodium chloride,while the group FOG rats were treated by subcutaneous injection of fish oil for 7 days.Then the improved tail suspension test was observed at the first,third,fifth,seventh day.12 rats in each group were respectively sacrificed after 7 day.The activity of serum antioxidant enzymes (MDA,GSH-PH) and the concentration of serum amylase were measured in each group,and the levels of threshold on the area and the total immobility time were measured in each group.The severity of pancreatitis was analyzed according to the histopathological morphology.Results: Compared to group NSG,the severity of pancreatitis was significantly decreased in group FOG.The activity of MDA was significantly increased in group NSG than that in group CG (P<0.01) ,while the activity of MDA in group FOG was decreased than that in group NSG (P<0.05) .The activity of GSH-PH was significantly decreased in group NSG than that in group CG(P<0.01),while the activity of GSH-PH was increased in group GOG than that in group NSG (P<0.05).THE level of threshold on the area was decreased in group NSG than that in group CG(P<0.01),while the level of threshold on the area was increased in group GOG than that in group NSG.(P<0.01) The total immobility time was significantly increased in group NSG than that in group CG(P<0.01),while the total immobility time was decreased in group GOG than that in group NSG(P<0.05).MDA was associated with the level of threshold on the area and the total immobility time.Conclusion: Fish oil has a positive effect on the activity of antioxidant system and behavior character in SAP rats.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE:To establish microbial limit test for Compound clindamycin hydrochloride gel and to carry out the validation of three methods.METHODS:According to the appendices volumeⅡof Chinese Pharmacopeia(edition 2005),microbial limit test which contained routine test,medium dilution method and membrane-filter method was adopted to validate Compound clindamycin hydrochloride gel.Recoveries of three methods were compared to make sure the suitable validation method.RESULTS:In routine test,recovery of trial bacteria was lower than 70%and controlled bacteria couldn't be found out.In medium di-lution method,recovery of trial bacteria was higher than 70%and still lower than the recovery of diluents.In membrane-filter method,recovery of trial bacteria was higher than 90%,and controlled bacteria grew well.Membrane-filter method could eliminate inhibition effect of Compound clindamycin hydrochloride gel on bacteria.CONCLUSION:Membrane-filter method is effective and practical for microbial limit test of Compound clindamycin hydrochloride gel.